Decimal to Excess-3 and Excess-3 to Decimal Code Converters in QCA Nanotechnology

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

Abstract

Nowadays Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the new technologies in nanoscale which can be used in future circuits. Most digital circuits are implemented with CMOS technology, but CMOS has some problems like power consumption and circuit size. So, for solving these problems a new method (QCA) is presented. It is clear that converters play a crucial role in the digital world. So, due to the aforementioned point, in this paper, two digital code converters, containing an excess-3 to decimal, and a decimal to excess-3 code converter are presented. The tile method is used to design proposed circuits in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology. The tile method gives a unique block for the majority and NOT gates. This property facilitates integration. Both of the proposed code converters have 1.75 clock cycles delay and have an energy dissipation of about 100meV. In the excess-3 code to decimal converter, 516 cells are used, which occupy an area equal to 0.43µm2 also in the decimal to excess-3 code converter. 321 cells are used, which occupy an area equal to 0.28 µm2.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Alamdar, H., Ardeshir, G. and Gholami, M., "Using universal nand-nor-inverter gate to design d-latch and d flip-flop in quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, Vol. 34, No. 7, (2021), 1710-1717. doi: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.07a.15.
  2. Gholami, M., Binaei, R. and Gholamnia Roshan, M., "Novel phase-frequency detector based on quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 33, No. 2, (2020), 269-276. doi: 10.5829/ije.2020.33.02b.11.
  3. Zoka, S. and Gholami, M., "Two novel d-flip flops with level triggered reset in quantum dot cellular automata technology", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 31, No. 3, (2018), 415-421. doi: 10.5829/ije.2018.31.03c.03.
  4. Lent, C.S., Tougaw, P.D., Porod, W. and Bernstein, G.H., "Quantum cellular automata", Nanotechnology, Vol. 4, No. 1, (1993), 49. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/4/1/004.
  5. Khakpour, M., Gholami, M. and Naghizadeh, S., "Parity generator and digital code converter in qca nanotechnology", International Nano Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1, (2020), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-019-00292-8
  6. Huang, J., Momenzadeh, M., Schiano, L. and Lombardi, F., "Simulation-based design of modular qca circuits", in 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2005., IEEE. (2005), 533-536.
  7. Parvane, M., Rahimi, E. and Jafarinejad, F., "Optimization of quantum cellular automata circuits by genetic algorithm", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 33, No. 2, (2020), 229-236. doi: 10.5829/ije.2020.33.02b.07.
  8. Huang, J., Momenzadeh, M., Schiano, L., Ottavi, M. and Lombardi, F., "Tile-based qca design using majority-like logic primitives", ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, Vol. 1, No. 3, (2005), 163-185. https://doi.org/10.1145/1116696.1116697
  9. Raina, B., Verma, C., Gupta, M. and Sharma, V.K., "Binary coded decimal (BCD) seven segment circuit designing using quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)", in 2021 5th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), IEEE. (2021), 126-130.
  10. Ramesh, B. and Rani, M.A., "Design of binary to bcd code converter using area optimized quantum dot cellular automata full adder", International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Vol. 9, No. 4, (2015), 49-64.
  11. Chakrabarty, R., Roy, S., Pathak, T. and Kumar Mandal, N., "Design of area efficient single bit comparator circuit using quantum dot cellular automata and its digital logic gates realization", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 34, No. 12, (2021), 2672-2678. doi: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.12c.13.
  12. Kassa, S. and Nema, S., "Energy efficient novel design of static random access memory memory cell in quantum-dot cellular automata approach", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 32, No. 5, (2019), 720-725. doi: 10.5829/ije.2019.32.05b.14.
  13. Kaity, A. and Singh, S., "Optimized area efficient quantum dot cellular automata based reversible code converter circuits: Design and energy performance estimation", The Journal of Supercomputing, Vol. 77, No. 10, (2021), 11160-11186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-03693-9
  14. Mukherjee, C., Panda, S., Mukhopadhyay, A.K. and Maji, B., "Towards modular binary to gray converter design using ltex module of quantum-dot cellular automata", Microsystem Technologies, Vol. 25, (2019), 2011-2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-4066-0
  15. Karthik, K., "An efficient design approach of bcd to excess-3 code converter based on qca", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, Vol. 6, No. 6, (2017), 310-316.
  16. You, Y.-w. and Jeon, J.-c., "Design of extendable bcd-excess 3 code convertor using quantum-dot cellular automata", Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, (2016), 65-71.
  17. Torres, F.S., Wille, R., Niemann, P. and Drechsler, R., "An energy-aware model for the logic synthesis of quantum-dot cellular automata", IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 37, No. 12, (2018), 3031-3041. doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2018.2789782.
  18. Walus, K., Dysart, T.J., Jullien, G.A. and Budiman, R.A., "Qcadesigner: A rapid design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata", IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 1, (2004), 26-31. doi: 10.1109/TNANO.2003.820815.
International Journal of Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 9
TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects
September 2023
Pages 1618-1625

Files

Cited by

Share

How to cite

Statistics