@article { author = {Nikzad, M. and Talebnia, F. and Movagharnejad, K. and Najafpour, G. D. and Esfahanian, M.}, title = {Kinetic Modeling of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Sorghum Bicolor and Rice Husk}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1622-1630}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {In this study, the hydrolysis of pretreated sorghum stem and rice husk was investigated at various initial enzyme concentrations and substrate loadings. The slowdown in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials with conversion has often been attributed to decreasing the activity of enzyme. A kinetic model was developed and expressed mathematically based on enzyme deactivation for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. The decline in activation of the adsorbed enzyme is represented by a second order reaction. The models were used to fit experimental data of sorghum stem and rice husk hydrolysis. The models basic parameters which can explain the effects observed experimentally were determined and discussed. The model performed well in predicting hydrolysis trends at experimental condition.}, keywords = {Enzymatic hydrolysis,Kinetic Modeling,Enzyme deactivation,Rice husk,Sorghum bicolor}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73046.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73046_2d19450426e09817cb83d60ead5c71bf.pdf} } @article { author = {Syaichurrozi, I. and Jayanudin, J.}, title = {Effect of Tofu Wastewater Addition on the Growth and Carbohydrate-Protein-Lipid Content of Spirulina platensis (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1631-1638}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tofu wastewater (TW) addition to the growth medium on the growth of Spirulina platensis. The TW addition was varied in range of 0 – 8 %v/v. The results showed that the growth rate (μ) of S. platensis at TW addition of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 %v/v was 0.007, 0.084, 0.074, 0.088, 0.086 mg/L/d, respectively. The medium with TW content of 6 %v/v (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorous=161:17:1; carbon/nitrogen=9.55) was the best medium for biomass production. The growth rate of S. platensis was successfully modeled using modified Gompertz equation (R2 =0.93–0.98). In prediction through modified Gompertz, the maximum biomass  production (2.17 mg/L) was resulted from medium IV (TW of 6 %v/v). Medium IV (TW of 6 %v/v), medium II (TW of 2 %v/v) and medium III (TW of 4 %v/v) resulted in biomass containing the highest amount of protein (66.62%), carbohydrate (61.23%) and lipid (19.66%), respectively.}, keywords = {Carbohydrate,Cultivation,growth,Protein,Spirulina platensis,Tofu Wastewater}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73047.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73047_42ad441fdabfd2f329f3d47cef3c1d8b.pdf} } @article { author = {Davarnejad, R. and Zangene, K. and Fazlali, A. R. and Behfar, R.}, title = {Ibuprofen Removal from a Pharmaceutical Wastewater using Electro-Fenton Process: An Efficient Technique (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1639-1646}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {The aim of this research was to evaluate the effective parameters such as pH, current density (mA/cm2), H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio, volume ratio of H2O2 to pharmaceutical wastewater (PhW) (ml/l) and reaction time (min) on the electro-Fenton process for the ibuprofen (as a pharmaceutical waste in water) removal. Since a synthetic wastewater with the same concentration of ibuprofen in a real pharmaceutical wastewater (400 ppm) was chosen in this research, the sample was tested in terms of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). The parameters were statistically optimized under response surface mythology (RSM). The software was also applied to minimize the number of runs. The optimum conditions for 98.290% COD removal were at pH of 2.43, current density of 23.08 mA/cm2, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 2.69, volume ratio of H2O2/PhW of 1.84 ml/l and reaction time of 28.08 min.}, keywords = {COD,Electro,Fenton,Pharmaceutical wastewater,treatment}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73048.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73048_e9b58d5fd2b6fdb8bcea393cdbb6d09e.pdf} } @article { author = {Salihi, I. Umar and Mohamed Kutty, S. Rahman and Hasnain Isa, M.}, title = {Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on Lead (II) Adsorption by Sugarcane Bagasse Derived Activated Carbon (TECHNICAL NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1647-1653}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Municipal and industrial wastewater contain a lot of contaminants. The major contaminants of concern are heavy metals. Heavy metals are known to be toxic, non-biodegradable and have a long half-life. The release of untreated wastewater containing heavy metals can cause serious problems to human, plants and animals. In this study, activated carbon was developed from sugarcane bagasse and its effectiveness in adsorbing lead ions from wastewater was examined. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH and initial lead concentration on the adsorption process. The batch adsorption test showed that extent of lead adsorption by sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SCBA) was dependent to pH and initial lead concentrations. The optimum pH for lead adsorption was found to be pH 5.0. Removal of lead decreases with the increase in initial metal concentrations. The adsorption of lead ions onto SCBA follows a pseudo-second-order reaction model. The rate limiting step is a chemisorption or chemical adsorption that involves van der Waals forces through electrons exchange between the SCBA and lead ions.}, keywords = {Adsorption,Lead,sugarcane,Bagasse,Activated carbon,heavy metals}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73049.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73049_aa2e2a9b18bbfdd8cfee5658ee1f22ef.pdf} } @article { author = {Sarlak, A. and Saeedmonir, H. and Gheyretmand, C.}, title = {Numerical and Experimental Study of Soil-structure Interaction in Structures Resting on Loose Soil Using Laminar Shear Box}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1654-1663}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {In the present work, the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) in low frequency structures resting on loose soil, through numerical modelling and shaking table tests have been studied. In theoretical studies two types of models namely fixed base and flexible base structure were subjected to three selected earthquake records. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was employed for all of the numerical models. Geometrical and material nonlinearities were considered in all models and finite element method was used for soil modelling. To verify the outputs of the numerical modelling, shaking table tests were carried out. For experimental tests, scaled form of the main structure according to scaling laws, and laminar shear box as a container of the soil, was built. By comparison between the numerical modelling and the shaking table tests results, good agreement was observed. Therefore, the numerical modelling approach was validated. In next step by implementing this approach, comparison between the fixed base and the flexible base results was carried out. In this study, it was demonstrated that considering the SSI effects on structures resting on loose soils increases the lower story drifts. Besides if the structure is located in sites which is susceptible to experience strong earthquakes, this increase is dominant. Therefore negelecting SSI effects leads to unsafe design of the structure.}, keywords = {Soil,structure interaction,Fully nonlinear analysis,Shaking table tests,Laminar Shear Box}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73050.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73050_0ad65670bcda7d3e25a921809353cd39.pdf} } @article { author = {Alavi, A. and Rahgozar, R. and Torkzadeh, P.}, title = {Stiffness-based Approach for Preliminary Design of Framed Tube Structures}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1664-1672}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {A parametric formulation for preliminary design of tubed-system tall buildings is presented in which some optimality criteria and practical constraints are considered. Here, a minimum compliance optimization formulation, developed by other researchers, is applied to a framed-tube structure. The tube behavior is modeled as a cantilevered box beam. Independent variable in this problem is thickness of the box, and a formulation for its optimal value is proposed. The challenge in this research was treatment of the lower bound constraint on thickness in an analytical manner. To deal with this constraint, a critical height parameter is introduced, and the design domain is divided into two zones of constant thickness and constant curvature. This definition allows for computation of optimal thickness distribution along the structure through an analytic dimensionless equation. Most of the previously published papers in the field of tall structures are suitable for abstract analyses but not for design. In addition, most of them are computer-based. Considering these limitations, the current research presents a hand-calculation method for preliminary design, suitable for sensitivity analyses and parametric studies. As the presented formulations are dimensionless, they are applicable in any dimensional system. Different static loading patterns are considered; including the concentrated, uniform, triangular and quadratic forms. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the ease of the proposed method in application, and the analysis results are presented by charts to validate the efficiency of it.}, keywords = {Structural Optimization,Tall building,Tube System,Stiffness Distribution,Preliminary Design}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73051.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73051_b88c4c1513acce2f6dfed4f8a95fb274.pdf} } @article { author = {Javdanian, H.}, title = {The Effect of Geopolymerization on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Stabilized Fine-grained Soils}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1673-1680}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study focuses on evaluating the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of improved fine-grained soils. A large database of unconfined compressive strength of clayey soil specimens stabilized with fly ash and blast furnace slag based geopolymer were collected and analyzed. Subsequently, using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a model has been developed to assess the UCS of stabilized fine-grained soils. Types of additives and their compositions as well as soil characteristics were considered as the most important parameters affecting the resistance of stabilized soil. Subsequently, the accuracy of the proposed model was examined. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed model and also the effect of each influential parameter on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of amended soil specimens. The results demonstrate that the ANFIS-based model, which was developed based on experimental results, can be successfully applied for assessment of unconfined compressive strength of stabilized fine-grained soils.}, keywords = {Fine,grained soil,Soil Improvement,Unconfined compressive strength,Geopolymerization,ANFIS}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73052.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73052_05856836745e85d3862e180ce51305e8.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharma, S. Kant and Ransinchung R. N., G. D. and Kumar, P. and Kumar Roy, A.}, title = {Comparison of Permeability and Drying Shrinkage of Self Compacting Concrete Admixed with Wollastonite Micro Fiber and Flyash}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1681-1690}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cement substitution in self compacting concrete (SCC) is emphasized to conserve environment, reduce cost and utilize waste materials. This paper focuses on comparing the permeability and drying shrinkage of SCC containing Wollastonite micro fiber (WMF), a cheap pozzolanic fiber with respect to flyash. Microsilica was added for providing required viscosity to maintain homogeneity of the mixes. Trials to check flowability, passability and segregation resistance were conducted on binary, ternary and combined mixes of binder material. Results showed that drying shrinkage reduced by 49% for WMF reinforced concrete, whereas it increased by 1.25% for flyash ones as compared to normal concrete. Permeability coefficient decreased by 82% and 74%, respectively. Capillary voids influenced the permeability of hardened concrete, but drying shrinkage was largely influenced by the rate of gain of tensile strength and expanding ettringite. Notably, flyash is not a reliable admixture for controlling drying shrinkage of high flow concretes.}, keywords = {Permeability,Self Compacting Concrete,drying shrinkage,flyash,micro fiber}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73053.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73053_75f9e73d02727152e0d81618a8f6c5f1.pdf} } @article { author = {Asgari, M. and Tariverdilo, S.}, title = {Investigating The Seismic Response of Structural Walls Using Nonlinear Static and Incremental Dynamic Analyses}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1691-1699}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Structural walls commonly used as efficient structural elements to resist lateral and vertical loads. Diverse performance of bearing wall system in past earthquakes, motivates investigation on the adequacy of current seismic design provision for these walls. This study considers seismic performance of model walls of bearing wall and building frame systems designed as ordinary and special structural walls. Performance of the model walls are evaluated through static pushover and incremental dynamic analyses. Results show superior performance of the bearing wall system, which is in odd with small response modification factor given in the current design codes.}, keywords = {Bearing wall system,Building frame system,Special shear wall,Ordinary shear wall,Incremental Dynamic Analysis}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73054.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73054_20a874e01272a6d006fb6eff90789fa1.pdf} } @article { author = {Samadiani, N. and Hassanpour, H. and Akbarzadeh, F.}, title = {A Modfied Self-organizing Map Neural Network to Recognize Multi-font Printed Persian Numerals (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1700-1706}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {This paper proposes a new method to distinguish the printed digits, regardless of font and size, using neural networks.Unlike our proposed method, existing neural network based techniques are only able to recognize the trained fonts. These methods need a large database containing digits in various fonts. New fonts are often introduced to the public, which may not be truly recognized by the Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Therefore, the existing OCR systems may need to be retrained or their algorithm be updated. In this paper we propose a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network powered by appropriate features to achieve high accuracy rate for recognizing printed digits problem. In this method, we use a limited sample size for each digit in training step. Two expriments are designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. First, we used the method to classify a database including 2000 printed Persian samples with twenty different fonts and ten different sizes from which 98.05% accuracy was achieved. Second, the proposed method is applied to unseen data with different fonts and sizes with those used in training data set. The results show 98% accuracy in recognizing unseen data.}, keywords = {Keywords Recognition,multi,font,similarity measure,self,Organizing Map}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73055.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73055_802fa171e7391d8a1d25755f1eb959f0.pdf} } @article { author = {Srividya, K. and Mirayababu, K. and Mary Sowjanya, A.}, title = {Mining Interesting Aspects of a Product using Aspect-based Opinion Mining from Product Reviews (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1707-1713}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {As the internet and its applications are growing, E-commerce has become one of its rapid applications. Customers of E-commerce were provided with the opportunity to express their opinion about the product on the web as a text in the form of reviews. In the previous studies, mere founding sentiment from reviews was not helpful to get the exact opinion of the review. In this paper, we have used Aspect-Based Opinion Mining to get more interesting aspects of a product’s sentiment from unlabelled textual data. First, noun phrases algorithm was used to get all the aspect term of a review sentence. Secondly, the sentiment algorithm was applied on the result of the noun-phrase algorithm and also applied on adjectives and on adverbs. Finally, using relative importance algorithm important aspects were presented to the user. Our proposed methodology has achieved 77.03% of accuracy compared to previews studies. The proposed methodology can be applied for any product reviews in the form of text without any label, and it does not require any training dataset.}, keywords = {Sentiment analysis,Opinion mining,Aspect term,Aspect based analysis,Customer review}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73056.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73056_8c4a95426c4654e94e2afe004240b0c4.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharvirian, F. and Bohlooli, A.}, title = {Neural Network Based Protection of Software Defined Network Controller against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1714-1722}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Software Defined Network (SDN) is a new architecture for network management and its main concept is centralizing network management in the network control level that has an overview of the network and determines the forwarding rules for switches and routers (the data level). Although this centralized control is the main advantage of SDN, it is also a single point of failure. If this main control is made unreachable for any reason, the architecture of the network is crashed. A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a threat for the SDN controller which can make it unreachable. In the previous researches in DDoS detection in SDN, not enough work has been done on improvement of accuracy in detection. The proposed solution of this research can detect DDoS attack on SDN controller with a noticeable accuracy and prevents serious damage to the controller. For this purpose, fast entropy of each flow is computed at certain time intervals. Then, by the use of adaptive threshold, the possibility of a DDoS attack is investigated. In order to achieve more accuracy, another method, computing flow initiation rate, is used alongside. After observation of the results of this two methods, according to the described conditions, the existence of an attack is confirmed or rejected, or this decision is made at the next step of the algorithm, with further study of flow statistics of network switches by the perceptron neural network. The evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm has been able to make a significant improvement in detection rate and a reduction in false alarm rate compared to closest previous work, besides maintaining the average detection time on an acceptable level.}, keywords = {Software defined network,SDN,Neural Network,Distributed denial of service attack,DDoS,fast entropy}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73057.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73057_90ab94eb607cebea327725dde20c23e7.pdf} } @article { author = {Kumar, S. and Sahoo, G.}, title = {A Random Forest Classifier based on Genetic Algorithm for Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnosis (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1723-1729}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Machine learning-based classification techniques provide support for the decision making process in the field of healthcare, especially in disease diagnosis, prognosis and screening. Healthcare datasets are voluminous in nature and their high dimensionality problem comprises in terms of slower learning rate and higher computational cost. Feature selection is expected to deal with the high dimensionality of datasets in terms of reduced feature set. Feature selection improves the performance of classification accuracy particularly performing with less number of features in decision making process. In this paper, Random Forest (RF) is employed for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. The first phase of the proposed system aims at constructing various feature selection algorithms such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Relief- F, Sequential Forward Floating Search (SFFS), Sequential Backward Floating Search (SBFS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) for reducing the dimension of cardiovascular disease dataset. The second phase switched to model construction based on RF algorithm for cardiovascular disease classification. The outcome shows that the combination with GA and RF delivered the highest classification accuracy of 93.2% by the help of six features.}, keywords = {Random forest,Genetic Algorithm,Feature selection,Cardiovascular disease}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73058.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73058_d5a7bd7787d72bba03bfe55892f60838.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezai, H. and B. Speily, O. R.}, title = {Energy Aware Resource Management of Cloud Data Centers}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1730-1739}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cloud Computing, the long-held dream of computing as a utility, has the potential to transform a large part of the IT industry, making software even more attractive as a service and shaping the way IT hardware is designed and purchased. Virtualization technology forms a key concept for new cloud computing architectures. The data centers are used to provide cloud services burdening a significant cost due to high energy consumption. Data centers are provisioned to accommodate peak demand rather than average demand and cloud applications consume much more electrical energy than they need. Thus, it necessitates that cloud computing solutions not only minimize operational costs, but also reduce the power consumption. In this paper, we investigate load balancing and power saving methods in virtualized cloud infrastructures. Imbalanced distribution of workloads across resources can lead to performance degradation and much electrical power consumption in such data centers. We present an architectural framework and principles for energy-efficient cloud computing environments. Resource provisioning and allocation algorithms, named Load-Power-aware, are proposed in this architecture. The algorithm employs a heuristic to dynamically improve the energy efficiency in data center, while guarantees the Quality of Service (QoS). The efficiency of the proposed approach is evaluated by using the most common cloud computing simulation toolkit, CloudSim. The performance modeling and simulation results are depicted the proposed approach significantly improves the energy efficiency in a given dynamic scenario, while a small amount of service level agreements (SLA) is missed.}, keywords = {cloud computing,Load Balancing,power saving,virtualization,live migration}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73059.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73059_510354859449558f0bd5ff7002ad0633.pdf} } @article { author = {Gandomi, M. and Hassanpour, H.}, title = {Behavioral Analysis of Traffic Flow for an Effective Network Traffic Identification}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1740-1745}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Fast and accurate network traffic identification is becoming essential for network management, high quality of service control and early detection of network traffic abnormalities. Techniques based on statistical features of packet flows have recently become popular for network classification due to the limitations of traditional port and payload based methods. In this paper, we propose a method to identify network traffics. In this method, for cleaning and preparing data, we perform effective preprocessing approach. Then effective features are extracted using the behavioral analysis of application. Using the effective preprocessing and feature extraction techniques, this method can effectively and accurately identify network traffics. For this purpose, two network traffic databases namely UNIBS and the collected database on router are analyzed. In order to evaluate the results, the accuracy of network traffic identification using proposed method is analyzed using machine learning techniques. Experimental results show that the proposed method obtains an accuracy of 97%  in network traffic identification.}, keywords = {Network Traffic Identification,Behavioral Analysis,Data mining,Machine Learning,Flow Statistical Featur}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73060.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73060_b41c98eade226c3643aca8fa486f11cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Safari, A. and Mazinani, M. and Hosseini, R.}, title = {A Novel Type-2 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System Classifier for Modelling Uncertainty in Prediction of Air Pollution Disaster (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1746-1751}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Type-2 fuzzy set theory is one of the most powerful tools for dealing with the uncertainty and imperfection in dynamic and complex environments. The applications of type-2 fuzzy sets and soft computing methods are rapidly emerging in the ecological fields such as air pollution and weather prediction. The air pollution problem is a major public health problem in many cities of the world. Prediction of natural phenomena always suffers from uncertainty in the environment and incompleteness of data. However, various studies have been reported for prediction of the air quality index but all of them suffer from uncertainty and imprecision associated to the incompleteness of knowledge and imprecise input measures. This article takes advantages of learning of adaptive neural networks alongside in new environment. Furthermore, it presents an Adaptive Neuro-Type-2 Fuzzy Inference System (ANT2FIS) to address the uncertainty and imprecision in air quality prediction. The data set of this study was collected from Tehran municipality official website for the last five years (2012-2017). The results reveal that the ANT2FIS prediction method is more reliable and is capable of handling uncertainty compared to the other counterpart methods. The performance results on real data set show the superiority of the ANT2FIS model in the prediction process with an average accuracy of 94% (AUC 99%) compared to other related works. These results are promising for early prediction of the natural disasters and prevention of its side effects.}, keywords = {Fuzzy logic,type,2 Fuzzy Set,ANFIS,Air Pollution Disaster}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73061.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73061_3c4816d5792cd031d01ad4e943608419.pdf} } @article { author = {Raouf Sheybani, H. and Oloomi Buygi, M.}, title = {Impacts of Premium Bounds on the Operation of Put Option and Day-ahead Electricity Markets}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1752-1761}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {In this paper‎, ‎the impacts of premium bounds of put option contracts on the operation of put option and day-ahead electricity markets are studied‎. ‎To this end‎, ‎first a comprehensive equilibrium model for a joint put option and day-ahead markets is presented‎. ‎Interaction between put option and day-ahead markets‎, ‎uncertainty in fuel price, impact of premium bounds, and elasticity of consumers to strike price‎, ‎premium price, and day-ahead price are taken into account in this model‎. ‎Then, a new method for put option pricing is proposed. By applying the presented model to a test system, the impacts of premium bounds on equilibrium of joint put option and day-ahead markets are studied‎.}, keywords = {Equilibrium of joint put option and day,ahead markets,Option market modeling,Supply function competition‎,Put option pricing}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73062.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73062_c07e3857c69c3899b274ad6fdf7c6f8a.pdf} } @article { author = {Lokeshwar Reddy, C. and Satish Kumar, P. and Sushama, M.}, title = {Design and Performance Analysis of 7-Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter Using Modified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Techniques}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1762-1770}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {In this paper, a 7-level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI) is simulated with three different carrier PWM techniques. Here, Carrier based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), Third Harmonic Injected Pulse Width Modulation (THIPWM) and Modified Carrier-Based Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) are used as modulation strategies. These modulation strategies include Phase Disposition technique (PD), Phase Opposition Disposition technique (POD), and Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition technique (APOD). In all the modulation strategies, triangular carrier and trapezoidal triangular carrier signals are compared with reference signal, then control pulses are generated. The detailed analysis of the results has been presented and compared with experimental results in terms of fundamental component of output voltage and percent of THD.}, keywords = {DCMLI,PDSVPWM,PODSVPWM,APODSVPWM}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73063.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73063_dbcfc107e55a57ddd8226f5984419b3f.pdf} } @article { author = {Zakhvalinskii, V. S. and Alam, M. and Nikulicheva, T. B. and Lahderanta, E. and Shakhov, M. A. and Piljuk, E. A. and Ivanchikhin, S. V. and Kochura, A. V.}, title = {Hopping Conductivity in Single Crystals (Cd0.6Zn0.32Mn0.08)3As2 (RESEARCH NOTE)}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1771-1775}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {The growth processes of Tetragonal single crystals of solid solution (Cd0.6Zn0.32Mn0.08)3As2, space group P42/nmc, has been synthesized by Bridgman method. Conductivity and magnetoresistance of (Cd0.6Zn0.32Mn0.08)3As2 were measured in the range 1.6K to 300K and in magnetic field up to 25 T. Crossover from Mott variable-range-hopping conductivity mechanism close to helium temperatures. In this work, we  found the width of the coulomb D = 0.21 meV and a rigid gap δ = 0.026 meV in the density of localized states, concentration and localization radius of charge carriers.}, keywords = {single crystals,solid solutions,hopping conductivity,Dirac semimetal}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73064.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73064_9952144d24876f173f77bbff793ee765.pdf} } @article { author = {Reza Kashyzadeh, K. and Farrahi, G. H. and Shariyat, M. and Ahmadian, M. T.}, title = {Experimental and Finite Element Studies on Free Vibration of Automotive Steering Knuckle}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1776-1783}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {The main aim of this research is to determine the best material for manufacturing of steering knuckle in order to reduce the weight using aluminum alloy and Metal Matrix Composite (MMC). To achieve this purpose, the Modal test has been performed to study vibrational behavior of steering knuckle. CAD Model has been prepared by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Finally, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been performed to evaluate natural frequencies and mode shapes of knuckle. The results of the Finite Element Model (FEM) have been compared with experimental data to validate the simulation. Three groups of materials (iron, aluminum alloy and metal matrix composite with different fiber volume ratio) have been investigated to determine the best material for manufacturing. DIN 1.7035, unreinforced alumina and MMC-Al 15% Ti-C have been reported as the best materials in each groups. The MMC material has higher vibrational rigidity and by using it, about 63.65 percent weight reduction is possible. FEM results for different models including Coordinate-Measuring Machine (CMM) and smooth model have been compared with test data. The CMM model is closer to reality and it contains all details such as barcode, data and surface defects. It is obvious that meshing of smooth surface is easier than CMM model, but some details will be ignored which could affect the results. However, it has been shown that use of CMM model creates about 5.21% errors related to test data in comparison  with 2.58% when the smooth model is used.}, keywords = {Steering knuckle,Modal test,finite element analysis,CMM model,Natural frequency,Weight reduction}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73065.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73065_858020072d488929ca0ca750c9c1813c.pdf} } @article { author = {Zhao, L. and Yu, Y. and Zhou, C. and Mao, S.}, title = {Modelling and Test Verification of Suspension Optimal Damping Ratio for Electric Vehicles Considering Occupant-cushion and In-wheel Motor Effects}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1784-1791}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {The damping ratio of chassis suspension is a key parameter for damping matching of in-wheel motor vehicles (IWMVs). Because the motor is attached to the driving wheel, the initial design method of the damping ratio for traditional cars is not entirely suitable for IWMVs. This paper proposes an innovative initial design method of the damping ratio for IWMVs. Firstly, a traveling vibration model of occupant-vehicle-road (OVR) for IWMVs is established. The model involves the occupant, cushion, suspension, in-wheel motor, road, and running speed. Secondly, on the basis of the model, using a special form of infinite integral, a mathematical expression of the occupant root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration is derived. Thirdly, based on the RMS optimization criterion for ride comfort, an 8 order polynomial equation about the suspension optimal damping ratio is deduced. Subsequently, through factors analysis, the change principles of the optimal damping ratio versus vehicle parameters are unveiled. Finally, the reliability of the optimal damping ratio is validated by test. The relative deviation of the calculated optimal damping ratio and the tested damping ratio is 5.4%. The results show that the proposed optimal damping ratio can effectively guide the suspension damping matching for IWMVs.}, keywords = {Vehicle,In,wheel motor,test verification,Damping Ratio}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73066.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73066_d120c48f189e86f06f38fe2024682f46.pdf} } @article { author = {Safak Tunalioglu, M. and Tuc, B. and Emin Erdin, M.}, title = {Effect of Coating Materials on Wear in Internal Gears}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1792-1799}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {Theoretical and experimental investigation of wear during coupling in internal gears coated with various polymeric coating materials was performed in this study. In the theoretical part of the study, Archards’ wear formulation was adapted to internal gears and wear behavior in various conditions was determined. Moreover, a fatigue and wear testing apparatus having similar working principle with FZG (Forschungsstelle für Zahnrader und Getreibbau) closed circuit power circulation system was designed and manufactured to experimentally investigate the wear in internal gears. Internal gear-pinion couples manufactured from St50 material were coated with various polymeric materials, namely PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), MoS2 bonded with polyamide, MoS2 bonded with epoxy in the experimental study. An uncoated internal gear was also investigated to find out the performance of coated gears. Variation of wear depth on tooth profiles of internal gears were determined theoretically and experimentally. [ah1] Theoretical and experimental studies showed that polymeric coated internal gears have more wear resistance than uncoated ones by means of high lubrication ability and low friction coefficient of coating materials. It was also observed that high corrosion resistance of polymeric coatings protected metallic surfaces and decreased corrosive wear.  [ah1]repeated}, keywords = {Internal gear,Rolling,Sliding Wear,Wear Testing,coating materials}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73067.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73067_8833e3c182532eac97ecd19f8831e641.pdf} } @article { author = {Wang, H. and Guan, Z. C. and Shi, Y. C. and Liu, Y. W. and Liang, D. Y.}, title = {Drilling Trajectory Prediction Model for Push-the-bit Rotary Steerable Bottom Hole Assembly}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1800-1806}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {The study of rotary steering drilling technology is currently one of the hot topics in the drilling engineering field. It requires accurate well trajectory control instructions when rotary steerable tools are applied to achieve the well trajectory control goal. A drilling trajectory prediction model will benefit this progress. According to the continuous beam theory, a mechanical model of push-the-bit rotary steerable bottom hole assembly (RSBHA) was established to characterize the bit steering property. The relation of bit lateral force and bit tilt angle with the influencing parameters such as borehole parameters and drilling operation parameters was obtained. Then further considering the bit cutting anisotropy, the drilling trajectory prediction model was built which quantitatively estimated the variation of inclination and azimuth angle. The model calculation result showed a consistency with the field experimental data proving the prediction model is reasonable in theory and feasible in engineering. This study could provide  guidance for selecting the steering parameters to meet the control goal.}, keywords = {Rotary Steering,Steering Force,Mechanical properties,Bit Cutting Anisotropy,Drilling Tendency}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73068.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73068_c6a9b85edf2f217e9a976baae1798098.pdf} } @article { author = {Momeni, M. and Ridha, S. and Hosseini, S. J. and Liu, X. and Atashnezhad, A. and Ghaheri, S.}, title = {Optimum Drill Bit Selection by Using Bit Images and Mathematical Investigation}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {1807-1813}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Materials and Energy Research Center}, issn = {1025-2495}, eissn = {1735-9244}, doi = {}, abstract = {This study is designed to consider the two important yet often neglected factors, which are factory recommendation and bit features, in optimum bit selection. Image processing techniques have been used to consider the bit features. A mathematical equation, which is derived from a neural network model, is used for drill bit selection to obtain the bit’s maximum penetration rate that corresponds to the optimum parameters for drilling. At the end, the bit with the maximum penetration rate is chosen. The results of this study showed that bit pattern can be inserted in the calculation through a proper bit image processing technique. This is to ensure that each unique bit can be discriminated from other bits. The values of mean square error  and coefficient of determination (R2) were respectively found as  0.0037 and 0.9473, for the rate of penetration model. The image processing techniques were used to extract the bit features. The artificial neural network black box was converted to white box in order to extract a mathematical equation and visibility of the model.}, keywords = {Bit selection,Artificial Neural Network,Image processing techniques,Genetic Algorithm,Optimum drilling operation}, url = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73069.html}, eprint = {https://www.ije.ir/article_73069_eb9234a30cbb19dede2a8c1a35ae8b5d.pdf} }